mr.sc. Daniela Bertić, Viši predavač UFGZ; Marja Čolak, potpredsjednica HUZEZ-a; mr. sc. ANKICA KOSOVEC-KRŽELJ, dipl. ing. el. Hrvatska udruga za zaštitu od elektromagnetnog zračenja HUZEZ
SAŽETAK
Ekstenzivan razvoj novih tehnologija unio je dramatične pozitivne promjene na globalnoj razini u načinu komuniciranja, poslovanja i svakodnevnog života, ali je donio i niz potencijalnih rizika za ljudsko zdravlje i okoliš. Zbog toga je izuzetno važno odgovorno korištenje mobilnih tehnologija, kao i razvijanje svijesti o mogućim neželjenim posljedicama, posebno uzimajući u obzir „ranjive „ skupine kao što su djeca i mladi.
Postojeća legislativa u Hrvatskoj, kad se radi o zaštiti zdravlja ljudi od sve agresivnije izloženosti radio frekvencijskim elektromagnetskim poljima baznih stanica mobilne telefonije, nažalost ne slijedi pozitivnu praksu većine zemalja EU. Na tu činjenicu upozorava Hrvatska udruga za zaštitu od elektromagnetnog zračenja (HUZEZ), koja nizom edukativnih javnih tribina, istupa u medijima, argumentiranim dopisima nadležnim institucijama pokušava podignuti javnu svijest o postojanju problema i inicirati promjenu nedovoljno kvalitetnih zakonskih rješenja.
Postojeća legislativa u Hrvatskoj, kad se radi o zaštiti zdravlja ljudi od sve agresivnije izloženosti radio frekvencijskim elektromagnetskim poljima baznih stanica mobilne telefonije, nažalost ne slijedi pozitivnu praksu većine zemalja EU. Na tu činjenicu upozorava Hrvatska udruga za zaštitu od elektromagnetnog zračenja (HUZEZ), koja nizom edukativnih javnih tribina, istupa u medijima, argumentiranim dopisima nadležnim institucijama pokušava podignuti javnu svijest o postojanju problema i inicirati promjenu nedovoljno kvalitetnih zakonskih rješenja.
1. PREPORUKE MEĐUNARODNE KOMISIJE ZA ZAŠTITU OD NE IONIZIRAJUĆEG ZRAČENJA
Međunarodna komisija za zaštitu od neionizirajućeg zračenja (ICNIRP) izdala je 1998 g. smjernice (ICNIRP GUIDELINES) te preporučila granice dopuštene radijacije za frekvencijski spektar 0-300 GHz. Iako se u dokumentu navodi da će se granice kontinuirano revidirati sukladno novim istraživanjima, one za frekvencijsko područje iznad 100 kHz, u koje ulaze i radio frekvencije koje koristi mobilna telefonija, još uvijek nisu revidirane, iako se u proteklih 15 godina mobilne tehnologije doživjele globalnu ekspanziju. U smjernicama iz 1998 izričito se naglašava kako se predložene granice baziraju samo na kratkotrajnim termalnim efektima (podražaji perifernih živaca i mišića, opekotine) te da se kod njihovog definiranja nisu uzeli u obzir utjecaji dugotrajne izloženosti na povećanje rizika za rak, s obzirom na to da baza tada raspoloživih podataka nije bila dostatna za definiranje granica koje bi uključile i biološke utjecaje na stanice ljudskog tijela.
Četiri godine kasnije isto je tijelo izdalo dokument ICNIRP STATEMENT 2002 u kojem se traži primjena alternativnih strategija ograničavanja rizika, ukoliko raspoloživi podaci koji ukazuju na moguće štetne utjecaje nisu dovoljni za određivanje graničnih razina. Tim se dokumentom ICNIRP na određeni način ogradio od vlastite preporuke graničnih razina, kao sigurnih kad se radi o mogućem riziku za maligna oboljenja.
Četiri godine kasnije isto je tijelo izdalo dokument ICNIRP STATEMENT 2002 u kojem se traži primjena alternativnih strategija ograničavanja rizika, ukoliko raspoloživi podaci koji ukazuju na moguće štetne utjecaje nisu dovoljni za određivanje graničnih razina. Tim se dokumentom ICNIRP na određeni način ogradio od vlastite preporuke graničnih razina, kao sigurnih kad se radi o mogućem riziku za maligna oboljenja.
2. STAJALIŠTA RELEVANTNIH INSTITUCIJA
2.1 Rezolu cije EU Parlamenta
Pitanje utjecaja elektromagnetskih polja na ljudsko zdravlje razmatrao je i Parlament EU.
U Rezoluciji br. 2252 (INI) usvojenoj 04.09.2008, između ostalog navodi se:
U Rezoluciji br. 2252 (INI) usvojenoj 04.09.2008, između ostalog navodi se:
• granice izloženosti elektromagnetskim poljima koje su postavljene za širu javnost su zastarjele. One ne uzimaju u obzir utjecaj informacijskih i komunikacijskih tehnologija na ranjive skupine, kao što su trudnice, novorođenčad i djeca;
• izražava se velika zabrinutost BIOINITIATIVE izvješćem o EM poljima koje sumira preko 1500 studija o toj temi i ukazuje na zdravstvene rizike emisija mobilnih telefonskih uređaja (mobiteli, Wi-Fi / WiMAX, Bluetooth, DECT fiksni telefoni);
• izražava se velika zabrinutost BIOINITIATIVE izvješćem o EM poljima koje sumira preko 1500 studija o toj temi i ukazuje na zdravstvene rizike emisija mobilnih telefonskih uređaja (mobiteli, Wi-Fi / WiMAX, Bluetooth, DECT fiksni telefoni);
U međuvremenu je je BIOINITIATIVE grupa nastavila intenzivno pratiti, evaluirati i komparirati rezultate svih objavljenih i epidemioloških studija i znanstvenih istraživanja utjecaja EM radijacije niskog intenziteta na zdravlje ljudi. U najnovijem izvješću, objavljenom u travnju 2014. godine, upozorava se na zdravstveni rizik od bežičnih tehnologija. Navodi se kako studije objavljene 2012. i 2013. godine, utvrđuju konzistentnu povezanost povećanog rizika glioma (malignog tumora mozga), kao i akustičkog neuroma s korištenjem mobilnih i bežičnih telefona. Na bazi postojećih epidemioloških dokaza zauzeto je stajalište da bi radio frekvencijska polja trebala biti klasificirana kao „poznati ljudski karcinogen― , odnosno promijeniti klasifikaciju WHO iz grupe 2B u A..
U spomenutom izvješću se ističe da 65 posto (74 od 114) objavljenih studija dokazuje genetski utjecaj radio frekvencijske radijacije (oštećenje DNA), dok je u 68 posto (144 od 211) studija utvrđen utjecaj na nervni sustav. Navodi se da su mobilni bežični uređaji (telefoni i tableti) veliki izvor nepotrebnog biološkog stresa za um i tijelo te se upozorava na potrebu korištenja žičanog pristupa Internetu u školama.
Rezolucijom br. 2211 (INI) od 02.04.2009 Parlament EU izražava stav da bežična tehnologija (mobiteli, Wi-Fi / WiMAX, Bluetooth, DECT fiksni telefoni) koja emitira EM polja može imati negativne učinke na ljudsko zdravlje pogotovo za mlade ljude čiji je mozak još uvijek u razvoju.
U toj rezoluciji Parlament EU:
• osuđuje agresivne marketinške kampanje teleoperatera koje uključuju prodaju mobitela i prigodnih paketa namijenjenih djeci i mladima;
• skreće pozornost na oprez i preporuku da se mobilni se telefoni ne bi smjeli koristiti preko razumne granice kad su u pitanju djeca;
• potiče široki spektar kampanji podizanja svijesti kod mlade populacije o potrebi korištenja hands–free setova, što kraćem trajanju poziva, isključivanju mobitela kada se ne koriste te korištenju u područjima s dobrim signalom;
• poziva države članice da slijede primjer Švedske i prepoznaju osobe koje pate od elektro hipersenzibilnosti kako bi im se dala odgovarajuća zaštita te jednaka mogućnost za razvoj;
2.2 Rezolucija Vijeća Europe
U Rezoluciji VE br. 1815 ističe se da telekomunikacije i mobilna telefonija „čini se imaju više ili manje potencijalno štetne, ne-termičke, biološke utjecaje na ljudsko tijelo čak i kod izlaganja razinama nižim od službenih graničnih vrijednosti―.
VE snažno preporučuje primjenu principa predostrožnosti i upozorava kako čekanje egzaktnih znanstvenih i kliničkih dokaze prije poduzimanja mjera za sprečavanje poznatih rizika, može imati vrlo visoku cijenu za zdravlje i ekonomiju, kao što je bilo u slučaju azbestoze, olovnog benzina i duhana.
VE snažno preporučuje primjenu principa predostrožnosti i upozorava kako čekanje egzaktnih znanstvenih i kliničkih dokaze prije poduzimanja mjera za sprečavanje poznatih rizika, može imati vrlo visoku cijenu za zdravlje i ekonomiju, kao što je bilo u slučaju azbestoze, olovnog benzina i duhana.
Rezolucijom se između ostalog traži:
• poduzimanje svih razumnih mjera da bi se smanjila izloženost elektromagnetskim poljima, posebno radiofrekvencijama mobilnih telefona, posebno djece i mladih, kao najrizičnije skupine za tumore glave;
• preispitivanje znanstvene baze za postojeće standarde ICNIRP-a zbog njihovih ozbiljnih ograničenja;
• kampanje za podizanje svijesti o rizicima potencijalno štetnih bioloških utjecaja elektromagnetskih polja na okoliš i ljudsko zdravlje, posebno mladih i ljudi u reproduktivnoj dobi;
• zaštitu elektro senzitivnih osoba koje pate od sindroma intolerancije na elektromagnetska polja;
• poticanje istraživanja i razvoja telekomunikacija baziranih na tehnologijama koje su jednako efikasne, ali manje štetne za zdravlje i okoliš;
• postavljanje preventivnih granica za dugotrajnu izloženost na 1% od sadašnjih ICNIRP vrijednosti;
3. ZAKONSKA REGULATIVA U HRVATSKOJ
Unatoč suprotnim uvjeravanjima, Hrvatska ima bitno manje kvalitetnu zakonsku regulativu postavljanja baznih stanica mobilne telefonije nego druge zemlje u Europi, koje osim poštivanja dozvoljenih granica zračenja, primjenjuju i niz alternativnih strategija za izbjegavanje i ograničavanje zdravstvenog rizika. To uključuje obavezu transparentnog komuniciranja planova za razvoj mobilnih mreža s lokalnom upravom i lokalnom zajednicom, dogovor oko lokacija za postavljanje baznih stanica, poštivanje urbanih, estetskih i pejzažnih kriterija smještaja antenskih stupova i krovnih prihvata u prostor, usklađivanje s prostornim planovima, izradu studija utjecaja na okoliš i ili/zdravlje i sličnih dokumenata, kojima se, u skladu s točkom 8.4.4 Rezolucije VE 1385, osigurava da se antene mobilne telefonije ne postavljaju isključivo i jedino prema interesima tele operatera, nego u dogovoru s lokalnom ili regionalnom upravom i lokalom zajednicom kao i udrugama zabrinutih građana. Komparativni pregled legislative svih država Europe dan je u studiji „Base Station Planning Permission― koju izdaje Svjetska asocijacija mobilnih operatera (GSMA-E). Prema toj studiji Hrvatska je jedna od samo četiri zemlje u Europi (uz Rumunjsku, Portugal i Slovačku) u kojoj nije obavezna javna rasprava kao ni konzultacija s organima lokalne uprave, a uz to za postavljanje antenskih tornjeva na zemlji i baznih stanica na krovovima postojećih objekata ne treba građevinska ni lokacijska dozvola.
U Hrvatskoj nisu propisani nikakvi eventualni kriteriji udaljenosti od stambenih objekata, škola ili vrtića kao ni visine u odnosu na okolne zgrade.
U Hrvatskoj se, suprotno točki 8.3.1. Rezolucije Vijeća Europe 1385, ne provode informacijske kampanje putem ministarstava zdravlja, školstva i zaštite okoliša usmjerene na učitelje, roditelje i djecu s ciljem upozoravanja na specifične rizike dugotrajne upotrebe mobilnih telefona i drugih uređaja koji emitiraju radio frekvencijsko zračenje. Ne potiču se ni kampanje za podizanje svijesti o manje rizičnim načinima korištenja mobilnih telefona koje je preporučio EU Parlament Rezolucijom 2211(INI).
U Hrvatskoj nisu propisani nikakvi eventualni kriteriji udaljenosti od stambenih objekata, škola ili vrtića kao ni visine u odnosu na okolne zgrade.
U Hrvatskoj se, suprotno točki 8.3.1. Rezolucije Vijeća Europe 1385, ne provode informacijske kampanje putem ministarstava zdravlja, školstva i zaštite okoliša usmjerene na učitelje, roditelje i djecu s ciljem upozoravanja na specifične rizike dugotrajne upotrebe mobilnih telefona i drugih uređaja koji emitiraju radio frekvencijsko zračenje. Ne potiču se ni kampanje za podizanje svijesti o manje rizičnim načinima korištenja mobilnih telefona koje je preporučio EU Parlament Rezolucijom 2211(INI).
4. GRAĐANSKE INICIJATIVE I UDRUGE CIVILNOG DRUŠTVA
Agresivno postavljanje baznih stanica u gusto naseljenim isključivo stambenim zonama, u neposrednoj blizini škola, vrtića i objekata društvene namjene u kojima borave ranjive skupine, dovodi do spontanog nezadovoljstva građana i inicijativa za definiranje pravila implementacije takvih objekata u prostor. Tele operateri imaju standardni odgovor ― poštujemo zakone Republike Hrvatske, imamo sve potrebne dozvole nadležnih institucija―. Kod toga ne navode da im treba jedino dozvola Ministarstva zdravlja, koju s obzirom na relativno visoke granice dopuštenog zračenja, bez problema dobivaju i makro ćelijske bazne stanice postavljene na obiteljskim kućama 10-tak metara prozora i balkona u susjedstvu, te dozvola vlasnika krova ili zemljišta. Drugi standardni odgovor je da „ ne postoje nikakvi znanstveno utemeljeni dokazi da su razine zračenja koje emitiraju uređaji mobilne telefonije štetni za ljudsko zdravlje―.
HUZEZ, kao udruga koja djeluje na nacionalnoj razini, pokušava podići razinu svijesti građana Hrvatske o potrebi primjene principa predostrožnosti i uvažavanja preporuka relevantnih institucija EU. S obzirom da u Hrvatskoj nisu javno dostupni podaci o postavljenim izvorima ne ionizirajućeg zračenja te rezultatima mjerenja emisija njihovih elektromagnetskih polja, HUZEZ je na svojoj web stranici postavio interaktivnu kartu na koju građani mogu prijaviti probleme vezane za elektromagnetsko zračenje, unijeti lokaciju i postaviti fotografiju. Veliki broj prijava zorna je ilustracija kaotičnog stanja diljem zemlje.
Ministarstva zdravlja i graditeljstva iako suočeni s rastućim nezadovoljstvom i kritikama javnosti, sa svakim novim zakonom ili pravilnikom, unazađuju postojeće stanje. Primjerice, do 2009 u Hrvatskoj su bile potrebne građevinske dozvole, zatim su ukinute najprije za krovne prihvate, pa 2011 za antenski stup s baznom stanicom, a 2014 za „antenski stup elektroničke komunikacijske opreme, uključujući i elektroničku komunikacijsku opremu.― Ministarstvo zdravlja novim je Pravilnikom iz 2014 g. udvostručilo granice dozvoljenog zračenja za profesionalnu izloženost radnika, ukinulo dnevno ograničenje od najviše 8 sati te uvođenjem pojma „javna površina― u naseljenim mjestima suzilo područje „povećane osjetljivosti― i podizanjem granice praktički na razinu ICNIRP-om u potpunosti suspendiralo princip predostrožnosti na tim područjima.
Time je prekršena obvezujuća Direktiva 2013/35/EU EUROPSKOG PARLAMENTA I VIJEĆA od 26.06.2013.g., koja definira minimalne zdravstvene i sigurnosne standarde za izloženost radnika rizicima elektromagnetskih polja i koja ne dopušta nazadovanje u postojećim standardima zaštite u svojim članicama. HUZEZ je zbog toga u svibnju 2015 podnio Europskoj komisiji prijavu protiv Ministarstva zdravlja RH. Obaviješteni smo da je prijava registrirana, ali odgovor na nju uvijek čekamo pola godine.
Sudeći prema važećoj legislativi u RH, vezano za postavljanje baznih stanica mobilne telefonije, resorna ministarstva u prvi plan nažalost stavljaju komercijalne interese tele operatera, nauštrb zaštite zdravlja ljudi, prava na transparentno informiranje te participacije lokalne zajednice i organa lokalne uprave u izboru lokacija za postavljanje baznih stanica.
Relevantne institucije EU u pravilu daju preporuke i smjernice, ali prepuštaju svojim članicama da samostalno odlučuju o razinama zračenja i drugim mehanizmima zaštite od elektromagnetskih polja.
Nameće se pitanje -što poduzeti? Odgovor je - osnažiti udruge civilnog društva, uključenost zainteresirane javnosti, transparentno informiranje, komunikaciju s lokalnom zajednicom i organima lokalne uprave. U podizanju svijesti o potencijalnim zdravstvenim rizicima prekomjernog korištenja uređaja mobilne telefonije presudnu ulogu mogu odigrati i mediji.
HUZEZ, kao udruga koja djeluje na nacionalnoj razini, pokušava podići razinu svijesti građana Hrvatske o potrebi primjene principa predostrožnosti i uvažavanja preporuka relevantnih institucija EU. S obzirom da u Hrvatskoj nisu javno dostupni podaci o postavljenim izvorima ne ionizirajućeg zračenja te rezultatima mjerenja emisija njihovih elektromagnetskih polja, HUZEZ je na svojoj web stranici postavio interaktivnu kartu na koju građani mogu prijaviti probleme vezane za elektromagnetsko zračenje, unijeti lokaciju i postaviti fotografiju. Veliki broj prijava zorna je ilustracija kaotičnog stanja diljem zemlje.
Ministarstva zdravlja i graditeljstva iako suočeni s rastućim nezadovoljstvom i kritikama javnosti, sa svakim novim zakonom ili pravilnikom, unazađuju postojeće stanje. Primjerice, do 2009 u Hrvatskoj su bile potrebne građevinske dozvole, zatim su ukinute najprije za krovne prihvate, pa 2011 za antenski stup s baznom stanicom, a 2014 za „antenski stup elektroničke komunikacijske opreme, uključujući i elektroničku komunikacijsku opremu.― Ministarstvo zdravlja novim je Pravilnikom iz 2014 g. udvostručilo granice dozvoljenog zračenja za profesionalnu izloženost radnika, ukinulo dnevno ograničenje od najviše 8 sati te uvođenjem pojma „javna površina― u naseljenim mjestima suzilo područje „povećane osjetljivosti― i podizanjem granice praktički na razinu ICNIRP-om u potpunosti suspendiralo princip predostrožnosti na tim područjima.
Time je prekršena obvezujuća Direktiva 2013/35/EU EUROPSKOG PARLAMENTA I VIJEĆA od 26.06.2013.g., koja definira minimalne zdravstvene i sigurnosne standarde za izloženost radnika rizicima elektromagnetskih polja i koja ne dopušta nazadovanje u postojećim standardima zaštite u svojim članicama. HUZEZ je zbog toga u svibnju 2015 podnio Europskoj komisiji prijavu protiv Ministarstva zdravlja RH. Obaviješteni smo da je prijava registrirana, ali odgovor na nju uvijek čekamo pola godine.
Sudeći prema važećoj legislativi u RH, vezano za postavljanje baznih stanica mobilne telefonije, resorna ministarstva u prvi plan nažalost stavljaju komercijalne interese tele operatera, nauštrb zaštite zdravlja ljudi, prava na transparentno informiranje te participacije lokalne zajednice i organa lokalne uprave u izboru lokacija za postavljanje baznih stanica.
Relevantne institucije EU u pravilu daju preporuke i smjernice, ali prepuštaju svojim članicama da samostalno odlučuju o razinama zračenja i drugim mehanizmima zaštite od elektromagnetskih polja.
Nameće se pitanje -što poduzeti? Odgovor je - osnažiti udruge civilnog društva, uključenost zainteresirane javnosti, transparentno informiranje, komunikaciju s lokalnom zajednicom i organima lokalne uprave. U podizanju svijesti o potencijalnim zdravstvenim rizicima prekomjernog korištenja uređaja mobilne telefonije presudnu ulogu mogu odigrati i mediji.
THE IMPORTANCE AND ROLE OF CIVIL SOCIETY IN THE LEGISLATIVE CHANGES REGARDING THE INSTALLATION OF BASE STATIONS
M.Sc. Daniela Bertic, Senior Lecturer UFGZ, Marja Colak, Vice HUZEZ-a, mr. Sc. ANKICA Kosovec-KRŽELJ, BSc. ing. el. , Croatian Association for Protection of electromagnetic radiation HUZEZ
ABSTRACT
The extensive development of new technologies has brought a dramatic positive change on a global level in communication, business and everyday life, but also brought a number of potential risks to human health and the environment. Therefore it is extremely important to the responsible use of mobile technology, as well as raising awareness about the possible adverse consequences, especially taking into account the "vulnerable" groups such as children and young people.
The current legislation in Croatia, when it comes to protecting people's health by becoming more aggressive exposure to radio frequency electromagnetic fields from mobile telephone base stations, unfortunately does not follow the good practice of the majority of EU countries. This fact warns Croatian Association for Protection of electromagnetic radiation (HUZEZ), that a series of educational public forums, appearances in the media, argued letters to the competent institutions trying to raise public awareness of the problem and initiate change in poor-quality legal solutions.
The first recommendations of the International Commission for Protection against Non-Ionizing Radiation
The International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP) has issued in 1998. Guidelines (ICNIRP guidelines) and recommended the limits of permissible radiation for the frequency range 0-300 GHz. While the document states that border continuously revised according to new research, one for the frequency range above 100 kHz, in entering the radio frequencies used by mobile phones, have not yet been revised, although in the past 15 years mobile technology experienced global expansion . In the 1998 guidelines explicitly emphasizes that the proposed limits are based only on short-term thermal effects (stimuli peripheral nerves and muscles, burns) and that in their defining did not take into account the effects of long term exposure to increased risk of cancer, due to the fact that Base then available data was not sufficient to define the boundaries of which would include the biological effects on cells of the human body.
Four years later, the same body issued the document ICNIRP STATEMENT 2002 that required the use of alternative strategies for limiting the risks, if the available information indicates possible harmful effects are not sufficient to determine threshold levels. This document ICNIRP in a way distanced himself from his own recommendations threshold levels, as safe when it comes to the possible risk of malignancies.
2nd POSITION relevant institutions 2.1 Resolution of the EU Parliament
The issue of the impact of electromagnetic fields on human health were discussed by the EU Parliament.
In Resolution no. 2252 (INI) adopted on 04.09.2008, inter alia states:
• limits of exposure to electromagnetic fields which have been set for the general public are obsolete. They do not take into account the impact of information and communication technologies to vulnerable groups, such as pregnant women, infants and children;
• expressed great concern BIOINITIATIVE Report on EM fields which summarizes over 1500 studies on that topic and points to the health risks of emissions of mobile telephone (cell phones, Wi-Fi / WiMAX, Bluetooth, DECT landline telephones); Meanwhile, the group continued BIOINITIATIVE intensively monitor, evaluate and compare the results of all published and epidemiological studies and scientific research of the influence of EM radiation of low intensity on human health. The latest report, published in April 2014, warns of the health risks of wireless technologies. It said the study published in 2012 and 2013, establish a consistent link between an increased risk of glioma (malignant brain tumors), as well as acoustic neuroma with the use of mobile and cordless phones. On the basis of existing epidemiological evidence taken the view that radio frequency fields should be classified as a "known human carcinogen", or change the classification of the WHO from the group 2B in the A ..
In the mentioned report points out that 65 percent (74 of 114) of published studies proving the genetic influence of radio frequency radiation (DNA damage), while in 68 percent (144 of 211) study determined the impact on the nervous system. It is alleged that as mobile wireless devices (phones and tablets) major source of unnecessary stress for biological mind and body and highlight the need to use the wired Internet access in schools.
Resolution no. 2211 (INI) 02.04.2009 EU Parliament expressed the view that wireless technology (mobile phones, Wi-Fi / WiMAX, Bluetooth, DECT landline telephones) that emits EM fields may have adverse effects on human health, especially for young people whose brains are still developing. In that resolution the EU Parliament:
• condemns the aggressive marketing campaign teleoperator involving the sale of mobile phones and festive packages for children and young people;
• draws attention to the caution and recommendation to the mobile phones should not be used beyond reasonable limits when it comes to children;
• promotes a wide range of campaigns to raise awareness among young population on the need to use hands-free sets, the shortest duration of the call, turning off cell phones when not in use and in areas with good signal;
• calls on Member States to follow the example of Sweden and to recognize people suffering from electrical hypersensitivity to give them the appropriate protection, and equal opportunities for development;
2.2 Resolution of the Council of Europe
In Resolution No. VE. 1815 pointed out that telecommunications and mobile telephony, "seem to have more or less potentially harmful, non-thermal, biological effects on the human body even at exposure levels lower than the official limit values".
CoE strongly recommended the application of the precautionary principle and warned that waiting exact scientific and clinical proof before taking action to prevent well-known risks, can have a very high cost for the health and the economy, as it was in the case of asbestosis, leaded petrol and tobacco.
The resolution, among other things asks:
• take all reasonable measures to reduce exposure to electromagnetic fields, especially to radio frequencies of mobile phones, especially children and youth, as well as the highest risk for tumors of the head;
• review the scientific basis for the existing standards ICNIRP because of their serious limitations;
• campaigns to raise awareness about the risks of potentially harmful biological effects of electromagnetic fields on the environment and human health, especially young people of reproductive age;
• protection electro sensitive persons suffering from the syndrome of intolerance to electromagnetic fields;
• promoting research and development of telecommunications-based technologies that are equally effective, but less harmful to health and the environment;
• setting up preventive limit for long-term exposure to 1% of the current value of the ICNIRP;
The current legislation in Croatia, when it comes to protecting people's health by becoming more aggressive exposure to radio frequency electromagnetic fields from mobile telephone base stations, unfortunately does not follow the good practice of the majority of EU countries. This fact warns Croatian Association for Protection of electromagnetic radiation (HUZEZ), that a series of educational public forums, appearances in the media, argued letters to the competent institutions trying to raise public awareness of the problem and initiate change in poor-quality legal solutions.
The first recommendations of the International Commission for Protection against Non-Ionizing Radiation
The International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP) has issued in 1998. Guidelines (ICNIRP guidelines) and recommended the limits of permissible radiation for the frequency range 0-300 GHz. While the document states that border continuously revised according to new research, one for the frequency range above 100 kHz, in entering the radio frequencies used by mobile phones, have not yet been revised, although in the past 15 years mobile technology experienced global expansion . In the 1998 guidelines explicitly emphasizes that the proposed limits are based only on short-term thermal effects (stimuli peripheral nerves and muscles, burns) and that in their defining did not take into account the effects of long term exposure to increased risk of cancer, due to the fact that Base then available data was not sufficient to define the boundaries of which would include the biological effects on cells of the human body.
Four years later, the same body issued the document ICNIRP STATEMENT 2002 that required the use of alternative strategies for limiting the risks, if the available information indicates possible harmful effects are not sufficient to determine threshold levels. This document ICNIRP in a way distanced himself from his own recommendations threshold levels, as safe when it comes to the possible risk of malignancies.
2nd POSITION relevant institutions 2.1 Resolution of the EU Parliament
The issue of the impact of electromagnetic fields on human health were discussed by the EU Parliament.
In Resolution no. 2252 (INI) adopted on 04.09.2008, inter alia states:
• limits of exposure to electromagnetic fields which have been set for the general public are obsolete. They do not take into account the impact of information and communication technologies to vulnerable groups, such as pregnant women, infants and children;
• expressed great concern BIOINITIATIVE Report on EM fields which summarizes over 1500 studies on that topic and points to the health risks of emissions of mobile telephone (cell phones, Wi-Fi / WiMAX, Bluetooth, DECT landline telephones); Meanwhile, the group continued BIOINITIATIVE intensively monitor, evaluate and compare the results of all published and epidemiological studies and scientific research of the influence of EM radiation of low intensity on human health. The latest report, published in April 2014, warns of the health risks of wireless technologies. It said the study published in 2012 and 2013, establish a consistent link between an increased risk of glioma (malignant brain tumors), as well as acoustic neuroma with the use of mobile and cordless phones. On the basis of existing epidemiological evidence taken the view that radio frequency fields should be classified as a "known human carcinogen", or change the classification of the WHO from the group 2B in the A ..
In the mentioned report points out that 65 percent (74 of 114) of published studies proving the genetic influence of radio frequency radiation (DNA damage), while in 68 percent (144 of 211) study determined the impact on the nervous system. It is alleged that as mobile wireless devices (phones and tablets) major source of unnecessary stress for biological mind and body and highlight the need to use the wired Internet access in schools.
Resolution no. 2211 (INI) 02.04.2009 EU Parliament expressed the view that wireless technology (mobile phones, Wi-Fi / WiMAX, Bluetooth, DECT landline telephones) that emits EM fields may have adverse effects on human health, especially for young people whose brains are still developing. In that resolution the EU Parliament:
• condemns the aggressive marketing campaign teleoperator involving the sale of mobile phones and festive packages for children and young people;
• draws attention to the caution and recommendation to the mobile phones should not be used beyond reasonable limits when it comes to children;
• promotes a wide range of campaigns to raise awareness among young population on the need to use hands-free sets, the shortest duration of the call, turning off cell phones when not in use and in areas with good signal;
• calls on Member States to follow the example of Sweden and to recognize people suffering from electrical hypersensitivity to give them the appropriate protection, and equal opportunities for development;
2.2 Resolution of the Council of Europe
In Resolution No. VE. 1815 pointed out that telecommunications and mobile telephony, "seem to have more or less potentially harmful, non-thermal, biological effects on the human body even at exposure levels lower than the official limit values".
CoE strongly recommended the application of the precautionary principle and warned that waiting exact scientific and clinical proof before taking action to prevent well-known risks, can have a very high cost for the health and the economy, as it was in the case of asbestosis, leaded petrol and tobacco.
The resolution, among other things asks:
• take all reasonable measures to reduce exposure to electromagnetic fields, especially to radio frequencies of mobile phones, especially children and youth, as well as the highest risk for tumors of the head;
• review the scientific basis for the existing standards ICNIRP because of their serious limitations;
• campaigns to raise awareness about the risks of potentially harmful biological effects of electromagnetic fields on the environment and human health, especially young people of reproductive age;
• protection electro sensitive persons suffering from the syndrome of intolerance to electromagnetic fields;
• promoting research and development of telecommunications-based technologies that are equally effective, but less harmful to health and the environment;
• setting up preventive limit for long-term exposure to 1% of the current value of the ICNIRP;
3. LEGAL IN CROATIA
Contrary to the assurances, Croatia has a considerably lower quality legislation setting up mobile telephone base stations than other countries in Europe, which in addition to compliance wit h allowable limits of radiation, and apply a range of alternative strategies for avoiding and limiting health risks. This includes the obligation to transparent communication plans for the development of mobile networks with the local administration and the local community, an agreement on the location for setting up base stations, respecting urban, aesthetic and landscape criteria accommodation masts and roof acceptance in space, harmonization with spatial planning, development impact study environmental and / or health and similar documents, which, in accordance with paragraph 8.4.4 of Resolution VE 1385, ensures that the cell tower is not placed solely and only to the interests of the calf operators, but in agreement with local and regional governments and Space community and associations of concerned citizens. A comparative overview of legislation of all the countries of Europe is presented in the study "Base Station Planning Permission" issued by the World Association of mobile operators (GSMA-E). According to this study, Croatia is one of only four countries in Europe (along with Romania, Portugal and Slovakia) which is not mandatory public hearing as well as consultations with local government bodies, and also to set up antenna towers on the ground and base stations on the roofs of existing buildings does not need any building location permit.
Croatia does not provide for any possible criteria distance from residential buildings, schools and kindergartens as well as the height in relation to the surrounding buildings.
In Croatia, contrary to Section 8.3.1. Council of Europe Resolution 1385, do not carry out information campaigns through the ministries of health, education and environmental protection aimed at teachers, parents and children to alert the specific risks of long-term use of mobile phones and other devices that emit radio frequency radiation. I do not encourage it either campaign to raise awareness about less risky ways of using mobile phones recommended by the EU Parliament Resolution 2211 (INI).
4th civic initiatives and civil society organizations
Aggressive setting up base stations in densely populated exclusively residential areas, near schools, daycare centers and facilities of social purpose in which they reside vulnerable groups, leading to spontaneous dissatisfaction of citizens and initiatives to define the rules for implementation of such objects in space. Calf operators have a standard response "we respect the laws of the Republic of Croatian, we have all the necessary permission from the competent institution." When this does not suggest that they should only permit the Ministry of Health, which given the relatively high limits of permissible radiation, no problem getting the macro cell base station placed on family houses 10 meters of windows and balconies in the neighborhood, and the permission of the roof or land . Other standard answer is that "there are no scientifically based evidence that the levels of radiation emitted by mobile devices harmful to human health".
2Б ИЛИ НЕ 2Б – ПАНДОРИНА КУИТЈА ” “2B OR NOT 2B – PANDORAS' BOX“
HUZEZ, as an organization that operates on a national level, trying to raise awareness of Croatian citizens about the need to apply the precautionary principle, and taking into account the relevant recommendations of the EU institutions. Given that Croatia is not publicly available data set sources of ionizing radiation and not the results of measurements of emissions of their electromagnetic fields, HUZEZ on its website set up an interactive map on which citizens can report issues related to electromagnetic radiation, enter the location and set up photo. A large number of applications is a vivid illustration of the chaotic conditions around the country.
Ministry of Health and Construction, although faced with growing discontent and criticism from the public, with every new law or regulation, diminishing them the current situation. For example, to 2009 in Croatia were necessary building permits, then were eliminated first to accept the roof, and 2011 for the mast to the base station, and in 2014 for "mast to electronic communications equipment, including electronic communications equipment." The Ministry of Health's new Regulations from 2014 g. double the limit of radiation exposure to occupational workers, lifted the daily limit of a maximum of 8 hours, and introducing the concept of "public space" in the urban areas narrowed area "increased sensitivity" and raising the limits on the ICNIRP virtually a fully suspended principle precautions in these areas.
This violated binding Directive 2013/35 / EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 26.06.2013.g., which defines the minimum health and safety standards for workers' exposure to risks of electromagnetic fields and which does not allow the decline in existing standards of its members. HUZEZ is because in May 2015 the European Commission submitted a complaint against the Ministry of Health of Croatia. We have been informed that the application has been registered, but the answer to it still waiting for half a year.
According to the current legislation in the Republic of Croatia, regarding the installation of base stations of mobile telephony, the relevant ministries to the forefront unfortunately put commercial interests calf operators, at the expense of human health protection, the right to transparent information and participation of the local community and the local government body in the selection of location for setting up base cells.
The relevant EU institutions generally provide recommendations and guidelines, but leave it to its members to decide independently on the levels of radiation and other mechanisms of protection against electromagnetic fields.
This begs the question -what to do? The answer is - to strengthen civil society, the involvement of the interested public, transparent information, communication with the local community and local government bodies. In raising awareness of the potential health risks of excessive use of mobile devices can play a crucial role and media.
Croatia does not provide for any possible criteria distance from residential buildings, schools and kindergartens as well as the height in relation to the surrounding buildings.
In Croatia, contrary to Section 8.3.1. Council of Europe Resolution 1385, do not carry out information campaigns through the ministries of health, education and environmental protection aimed at teachers, parents and children to alert the specific risks of long-term use of mobile phones and other devices that emit radio frequency radiation. I do not encourage it either campaign to raise awareness about less risky ways of using mobile phones recommended by the EU Parliament Resolution 2211 (INI).
4th civic initiatives and civil society organizations
Aggressive setting up base stations in densely populated exclusively residential areas, near schools, daycare centers and facilities of social purpose in which they reside vulnerable groups, leading to spontaneous dissatisfaction of citizens and initiatives to define the rules for implementation of such objects in space. Calf operators have a standard response "we respect the laws of the Republic of Croatian, we have all the necessary permission from the competent institution." When this does not suggest that they should only permit the Ministry of Health, which given the relatively high limits of permissible radiation, no problem getting the macro cell base station placed on family houses 10 meters of windows and balconies in the neighborhood, and the permission of the roof or land . Other standard answer is that "there are no scientifically based evidence that the levels of radiation emitted by mobile devices harmful to human health".
2Б ИЛИ НЕ 2Б – ПАНДОРИНА КУИТЈА ” “2B OR NOT 2B – PANDORAS' BOX“
HUZEZ, as an organization that operates on a national level, trying to raise awareness of Croatian citizens about the need to apply the precautionary principle, and taking into account the relevant recommendations of the EU institutions. Given that Croatia is not publicly available data set sources of ionizing radiation and not the results of measurements of emissions of their electromagnetic fields, HUZEZ on its website set up an interactive map on which citizens can report issues related to electromagnetic radiation, enter the location and set up photo. A large number of applications is a vivid illustration of the chaotic conditions around the country.
Ministry of Health and Construction, although faced with growing discontent and criticism from the public, with every new law or regulation, diminishing them the current situation. For example, to 2009 in Croatia were necessary building permits, then were eliminated first to accept the roof, and 2011 for the mast to the base station, and in 2014 for "mast to electronic communications equipment, including electronic communications equipment." The Ministry of Health's new Regulations from 2014 g. double the limit of radiation exposure to occupational workers, lifted the daily limit of a maximum of 8 hours, and introducing the concept of "public space" in the urban areas narrowed area "increased sensitivity" and raising the limits on the ICNIRP virtually a fully suspended principle precautions in these areas.
This violated binding Directive 2013/35 / EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 26.06.2013.g., which defines the minimum health and safety standards for workers' exposure to risks of electromagnetic fields and which does not allow the decline in existing standards of its members. HUZEZ is because in May 2015 the European Commission submitted a complaint against the Ministry of Health of Croatia. We have been informed that the application has been registered, but the answer to it still waiting for half a year.
According to the current legislation in the Republic of Croatia, regarding the installation of base stations of mobile telephony, the relevant ministries to the forefront unfortunately put commercial interests calf operators, at the expense of human health protection, the right to transparent information and participation of the local community and the local government body in the selection of location for setting up base cells.
The relevant EU institutions generally provide recommendations and guidelines, but leave it to its members to decide independently on the levels of radiation and other mechanisms of protection against electromagnetic fields.
This begs the question -what to do? The answer is - to strengthen civil society, the involvement of the interested public, transparent information, communication with the local community and local government bodies. In raising awareness of the potential health risks of excessive use of mobile devices can play a crucial role and media.
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